Micronutrient supplementation adherence and influence on the prevalences of anemia and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies in preemies with a corrected age of six months.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze adherence to the recommended iron, zinc and multivitamin supplementation guidelines for preemies, the factors associated with this adherence, and the influence of adherence on the occurrence of anemia and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies. METHODS: This prospective cohort study followed 58 preemies born in 2014 until they reached six months corrected age. The preemies were followed at a referral secondary health service and represented 63.7% of the preterm infants born that year. Outcomes of interest included high or low adherence to iron, zinc and multivitamin supplementation guidelines; prevalence of anemia; and prevalences of iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiencies. The prevalence ratios were calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (65.5%) preemies presented high adherence to micronutrient supplementation guidelines. At six months of corrected age, no preemie had vitamin A deficiency. The prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency and zinc deficiency were higher in the low-adherence group but also concerning in the high-adherence group. Preemies with low adherence to micronutrient supplementation guidelines were 2.5 times more likely to develop anemia and 3.1 times more likely to develop zinc deficiency. Low maternal education level increased the likelihood of nonadherence to all three supplements by 2.2 times. CONCLUSIONS: Low maternal education level was independently associated with low adherence to iron, zinc and vitamin A supplementation guidelines in preemies, which impacted the prevalences of anemia and iron and zinc deficiencies at six months of corrected age.

Micronutrient supplementation adherence and influence on the prevalences of anemia and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies in preemies with a corrected age of six months

OBJECTIVE: To analyze adherence to the recommended iron, zinc and multivitamin supplementation guidelines for preemies, the factors associated with this adherence, and the influence of adherence on the occurrence of anemia and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies. METHODS: This prospective cohort study followed 58 preemies born in 2014 until they reached six months corrected age. The preemies were followed at a referral secondary health service and represented 63.7% of the preterm infants born that year. Outcomes of interest included high or low adherence to iron, zinc and multivitamin supplementation guidelines; prevalence of anemia; and prevalences of iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiencies. The prevalence ratios were calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (65.5%) preemies presented high adherence to micronutrient supplementation guidelines. At six months of corrected age, no preemie had vitamin A deficiency. The prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency and zinc deficiency were higher in the low-adherence group but also concerning in the high-adherence group. Preemies with low adherence to micronutrient supplementation guidelines were 2.5 times more likely to develop anemia and 3.1 times more likely to develop zinc deficiency. Low maternal education level increased the likelihood of nonadherence to all three supplements by 2.2 times. CONCLUSIONS: Low maternal education level was independently associated with low adherence to iron, zinc and vitamin A supplementation guidelines in preemies, which impacted the prevalences of anemia and iron and zinc deficiencies at six months of corrected age.

Duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants followed at a secondary referral service / Duração do aleitamento materno em prematuros acompanhados em serviço de referência secundário

Objective: Identify and analyze variables associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants. Methods: Retrospective cohort of premature infants followed up at secondary referral service in the period of 2010-2015. Inclusion: first appointment in the first month of corrected age and have undergone three or more consultations. Exclusion: diseases that impaired oral feeding. Outcome: duration of breastfeeding. A total of 103 preterm infants were evaluated, accounting for 28.8% of the preterm infants born in the municipality in that period, with a power of study of 80%. Descriptive analysis, t-test, chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used. p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: The median duration of breastfeeding among preterm infants was 5.0 months. The risk of breastfeeding discontinuation among preterm infants with gestational age <32 weeks was 2.6-fold higher than for those born at 32 weeks or more and the risk of breastfeeding interruption in preterm infants who were receiving breastfeeding supplementation in the first outpatient visit was 3-fold higher when compared to those who were exclusively breastfed in the first consultation. Conclusions: The median duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants was below the recommended one and discontinuation was associated with gestational <32 weeks and the fact that the infant was no longer receiving exclusive breastfeeding in the first outpatient visit. When these two variables were associated, their negative effect on the median duration of breastfeeding was potentiated.

Objetivo: Identificar e analisar as variáveis associadas à menor duração do aleitamento materno em prematuros. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de prematuros acompanhados em centro de referência secundária, de 2010 a 2015. Inclusão: primeira consulta no primeiro mês de idade corrigida para prematuridade e ter feito três ou mais consultas. Exclusão: doenças que impossibilitassem a alimentação via oral. Desfecho: duração do aleitamento materno. Avaliaram-se 103 prematuros, 28,8% dos prematuros do município no período, com poder do estudo de 80%. Usaram-se análise descritiva, teste t, qui quadrado de Pearson, curvas de Kaplan-Meier e regressão de Cox. Considerou-se significativo o p-valor<0,05. Resultados: A duração mediana do aleitamento materno entre os prematuros foi de cinco meses. O risco de interrupção do aleitamento materno entre prematuros de idade gestacional inferior a 32 semanas foi 2,6 vezes maior em relação aos que nasceram com 32 semanas ou mais e o risco de interrupção do aleitamento materno em prematuros que estavam em aleitamento materno complementado na primeira consulta ambulatorial foi três vezes maior em relação aos que estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo na primeira consulta. Conclusões: A duração mediana do aleitamento materno em prematuros encontrou-se aquém do preconizado e sua interrupção se associou à idade gestacional inferior a 32 semanas e ao fato de não estar mais em aleitamento materno exclusivo na primeira consulta ambulatorial. Quando essas duas variáveis se associaram, potencializou-se sua interferência negativa na duração mediana do aleitamento materno.

Comparação entre duas curvas de crescimento para detectar recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional / Comparison of two growth curves for detecting small-for-gestational-age newborns

Objetivos: comparar duas curvas de crescimento, Lubchenco e Fenton e Kim, na detecção de recém-nascidos (RN) pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG) segundo sexo. Métodos: estudo transversal de dados de RN, de 01/01/2010 a 31/12/2012 Definiu-se PIG o peso ao nascer (PN) inferior ao percentil 10 para idade gestacional (IG) segundo as curvas Lubchenco e Fenton & Kim. Mensurou-se a concordância entre as curvas pelo Método de Kappa para o diagnóstico de PIG segundo sexo e IG. Construíram-se curvas dos percentis 10 de PN e referenciais, por sexo, utilizando função polinomial de terceiro grau. Para comparar e medir associações entre as variáveis sexo, IG e PIG foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística bivariada, respectivamente. Significância: p<0,05. Resultados: foram incluídos 2364 recém-nascidos no estudo. As curvas Fenton e Kim detectaram mais RN PIG, cuja taxa foi 16,2 por cento, enquanto as Lubchenco detectaram 3,3 por cento (p<0,001; k=0,292). A discordância foi maior com o aumento da IG. O sexo masculino se associou à maior chance de nascer PIG 1,6 vezes em relação ao feminino (OR= 1,59; IC95 por cento= 1,28-2,00; p<0,001). Conclusões: as curvas Fenton e Kim detectaram mais RN PIG. O nascimento PIG foi mais frequente no sexo masculino. Os achados contribuem para adoção de estratégias visando melhorias no diagnóstico, cuidados e prognóstico.

Objectives: to compare two growth curves - Lubchenco and Fenton & Kim - for detection of small- for-gestational-age (SGA) newborns (NBs) by sex. Methods: a cross-sectional study of data on NBs between 01/01/2010 and 31/12/2012.SGA was defined as birth weight (BW) lower than the 10th percentile for gestational age (GA) according to the Lubchenco and Fenton & Kim curves. The concordance between the two curves was measured using the kappa method for diagnosis of SGA by sex and GA. Curves for the 10th percentiles of BW and reference curves were plotted, by sex, using the third degree polynomial function. Associations between sex, GA and SGA were compared and measured using Pearson's chi-squared test and bivariate logistic regression, respectively, with a level of significance of p<0.05. Results: 2364 newborns were included in the study. The Fenton & Kim curves detected more SGA NBs, with an incidence of 16.2 percent, while the Lubchenco curves detected 3.3 percent (p<0.001; k=0.292). The discrepancy became greater for increasing GA. Male NBs were 1.6 times more likely to be born SGA than females (OR: 1.59; CI95 percent: 1.28-2.00; p<0.001). Conclusions: the Fenton & Kim curves detected-more SGA NBs. SGA at birth was more frequent among males. These findings will help to guide the adoption of strategies for improving diagnosis, prognosis and care.

[Duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants followed at a secondary referral service]. / Duração do aleitamento materno em prematuros acompanhados em serviço de referência secundário.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and analyze variables associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of premature infants followed up at secondary referral service in the period of 2010-2015. INCLUSION: first appointment in the first month of corrected age and have undergone three or more consultations. Exclusion: diseases that impaired oral feeding. OUTCOME: duration of breastfeeding. A total of 103 preterm infants were evaluated, accounting for 28.8% of the preterm infants born in the municipality in that period, with a power of study of 80%. Descriptive analysis, t-test, chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used. p-values<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The median duration of breastfeeding among preterm infants was 5.0 months. The risk of breastfeeding discontinuation among preterm infants with gestational age <32 weeks was 2.6-fold higher than for those born at 32 weeks or more and the risk of breastfeeding interruption in preterm infants who were receiving breastfeeding supplementation in the first outpatient visit was 3-fold higher when compared to those who were exclusively breastfed in the first consultation. CONCLUSIONS: The median duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants was below the recommended one and discontinuation was associated with gestational <32 weeks and the fact that the infant was no longer receiving exclusive breastfeeding in the first outpatient visit. When these two variables were associated, their negative effect on the median duration of breastfeeding was potentiated.